In the Middle Ages this name was common in England due to the popularity of medieval tales about the Trojan War. It subsequently became rare, but was revived in the 20th century.
In some cases this name can be a short form of longer names that start with Leo, such as Leonard.
This name was brought to public attention after actors Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt gave it to their daughter in 2006.
As an English name, Zoe (sometimes with a diaeresis as Zoë) has only been in use since the 19th century. It has generally been more common among Eastern Christians (in various spellings).