Slovene Place Names

Slovene names are used in the country of Slovenia in central Europe.
type
usage
Albanija (Country) Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Macedonian, Slovene, Lithuanian
Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Macedonian, Slovene and Lithuanian form of Albania.
Angola (Country) Portuguese, English, Spanish, French, Italian, German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Finnish, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Romanian, Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Turkish, Georgian, Armenian, Indonesian, Malay
Portuguese form of Ngola, the royal title of the kings of Ndongo, an African kingdom that was conquered by the Portuguese in the 17th-century. It was a Portuguese colony until 1975, when it became an independent country.
Antwerpen (Settlement) Dutch, German, Luxembourgish, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic, Finnish, Hungarian, Slovene, Croatian, Bosnian
Dutch form of Antwerp, as well as the form in several other languages.
Argentina (Country) Spanish, English, Portuguese, Italian, Russian, Romanian, Czech, Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Macedonian, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Estonian, Lithuanian, Hebrew, Georgian, Azerbaijani, Indonesian, Malay
From Latin argentinus meaning "silvery", a derivative of argentum meaning "silver". This is the name of a country in South America, arising from a Latinized form of Spanish Río de la Plata meaning "river of silver".
Armenija (Country) Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene
Croatian, Bosnian and Slovene form of Armenia.
Atene (Settlement) Italian, Slovene, Japanese
Italian, Slovene and Japanese form of Athens.
Avstralija (Region & Country) Slovene, Macedonian
Slovene and Macedonian form of Australia.
Avstrija (Country) Slovene, Macedonian
Slovene and Macedonian form of Austria.
Azija (Region) Lithuanian, Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Macedonian
Lithuanian, Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian and Macedonian form of Asia.
Bahrajn (Country & Island) Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovene
Polish, Czech, Slovak and Slovene form of Bahrain.
Bangladeš (Country) Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian
Slovene, Croatian, Serbian and Bosnian form of Bangladesh.
Belgija (Country) Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene, Macedonian, Lithuanian
Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene, Macedonian and Lithuanian form of Belgium.
Belize (Country & River) English, Italian, Portuguese, French, German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Finnish, Estonian, Polish, Hungarian, Romanian, Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian, Turkish, Indonesian, Malay
From Spanish Belice, earlier Balis, from the name of the Belize River, which may itself be from Mayan beliz meaning "muddy water". This is the name of a country on the Atlantic coast of Central America.
Belorusija (Country) Serbian, Macedonian, Slovene
Serbian, Macedonian and Slovene form of Belarus.
Benetke (Settlement) Slovene
Slovene form of Venice.
Benin (Settlement, Body of Water & Country) English, Italian, German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Finnish, Estonian, Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Slovene, Serbian, Croatian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Romanian, Indonesian, Malay
From Portuguese Benim, derived from Itsekiri Ubinu, the name of the capital city of the historical Benin Kingdom (present-day Benin City in Nigeria). Allegedly it was initially named Ile-Ibinu meaning "land of anger" because of disputes between different factions. The Bight of Benin (a large bay) was named after the Benin Kingdom, and the modern country of Benin, west of Nigeria, was named after the bay in 1975 (formerly named Dahomey).
Bocvana (Country) Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Macedonian, Slovene
Form of Botswana in several languages.
Bolivija (Country) Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene, Macedonian, Lithuanian
Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene, Macedonian and Lithuanian form of Bolivia.
Brazilija (Country) Lithuanian, Slovene
Lithuanian and Slovene form of Brazil.
Brunej (Country) Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Macedonian
Form of Brunei in several languages.
Čad (Body of Water & Country) Czech, Slovak, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Macedonian, Slovene
Czech, Slovak, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Macedonian and Slovene form of Arabic تشاد (see Chad).
Čile (Country) Slovak, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Slovene
Form of Chile in several languages.
Danska (Country) Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene, Macedonian
Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene and Macedonian form of Denmark.
Dubaj (Settlement & Political Subdivision) Czech, Slovak, Polish, Slovene
Czech, Slovak, Polish and Slovene form of Arabic دبيّ (see Dubai).
Džakarta (Settlement) Latvian, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Serbian, Slovene
Latvian, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Serbian and Slovene form of Jakarta.
Egipt (Country) Polish, Slovene, Romanian
Polish, Slovene and Romanian form of Aegyptus (see Egypt).
Estonija (Country) Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene, Macedonian
Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene and Macedonian form of Estonia.
Etiopija (Country) Serbian, Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian, Lithuanian, Latvian
Serbian, Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian, Lithuanian and Latvian form of Aethiopia (see Ethiopia).
Evropa (Region) Czech, Slovene, Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Georgian, Kyrgyz, Armenian, Russian
Form of Europe used in various languages. This is also an alternate transcription of Armenian Եվրոպա or Russian Европа (see Yevropa).
Finska (Country) Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian
Croatian, Serbian, Slovene and Macedonian form of Finland.
Francija (Country) Latvian, Macedonian, Slovene
Latvian, Macedonian and Slovene form of Francia (see France).
Furlanija (Region) Slovene
Slovene form of Friuli.
Gabon (Country) English, French, Italian, Romanian, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic, Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian, Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Turkish, Indonesian, Malay
Derived from Portuguese gabão meaning "cloak, overcoat", referring to the shape of the Gabon Estuary. This is the name of a country on the western coast of central Africa.
Hongkong (Political Subdivision, Settlement & Island) German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, Polish, Slovene, Macedonian, Korean, Khmer
Form of Hong Kong used in various languages.
Hrvaška (Country) Slovene
Slovene form of Croatia.
Indija (Country) Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene, Macedonian, Latvian, Lithuanian
Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene, Macedonian, Latvian and Lithuanian form of India.
Indonezija (Country) Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene, Macedonian, Lithuanian
Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene, Macedonian and Lithuanian form of Indonesia.
Iran (Country) Persian, Arabic, English, French, Italian, German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Finnish, Romanian, Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Greek, Hebrew, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Urdu, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Burmese, Thai, Tagalog, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian
Derived from Middle Persian Eran, related to Old Iranian Arya meaning "Iranian, Aryan". This is the name of a country in western Asia, formerly called Persia in the West.
Irska (Country & Island) Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Macedonian, Slovene
Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Macedonian and Slovene form of Éire.
Italija (Country) Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian, Lithuanian
Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian and Lithuanian form of Italia (see Italy).
Jeruzalem (Settlement) Dutch, Slovak, Slovene, Croatian
Dutch, Slovak, Slovene and Croatian form of Jerusalem.
Jordan (River & Country) English, Danish, Norwegian, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Macedonian, German, Swedish, Finnish, Estonian, Polish, Slovene, Biblical
River that flows between the countries of Jordan and Israel. The river's name in Hebrew is יַרְדֵן (Yarḏen), and it is derived from יָרַד (yaraḏ) meaning "descend, flow down". The river has lent its name to the country to the east (in German, Swedish, Finnish, Estonian, Polish and Slovene this is only the name of the river, with the name of the country taking a different form).
Jordanija (Country) Slovene, Lithuanian
Slovene and Lithuanian form of Jordan (the country).
Kazahstan (Country) Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Romanian
Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene, Bulgarian, Macedonian and Romanian form of Kazakh Қазақстан (see Kazakhstan).
Kenija (Country & Mountain) Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian, Lithuanian, Latvian
Form of Kenya in several languages.
Kitajska (Country) Slovene
Slovene cognate of Cathay, used as the Slovene name of China.
Kolumbija (Country, Region, Settlement & Political Subdivision) Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene, Macedonian, Latvian, Lithuanian
Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene, Macedonian, Latvian and Lithuanian form of Columbia and Colombia.
Komori (Country) Comorian, Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Macedonian
Comorian form of Comoros, as well as the form in several other languages.
Laos (Country) French, English, German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic, Finnish, Estonian, Italian, Spanish, Catalan, Portuguese, Romanian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Uzbek, Turkmen, Greek, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Armenian, Hebrew, Hindi, Nepali, Malay, Indonesian, Tagalog
The name of a country in southeastern Asia, derived from the Lao people, the majority ethnic group. Their name may be derived from an Austroasiatic root meaning "human". The name Laos was originally applied to the region by France, who established it as a colony in 1893. It achieved independence in 1953.
Liberija (Country) Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene, Macedonian, Lithuanian
Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene, Macedonian and Lithuanian form of Liberia.
Libija (Country) Lithuanian, Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Macedonian
Form of Libya in several languages.
Litva (Country) Russian, Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Slovene, Bulgarian, Georgian
Russian, Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Slovene, Bulgarian and Georgian form of Lietuva (see Lithuania).
London (Settlement) English, German, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Estonian, Russian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Indonesian
From Latin Londinium, of unknown meaning. This is the capital city of the United Kingdom.
Luksemburg (Country, Settlement & Political Subdivision) Polish, Slovene, Serbian, Croatian, Macedonian, Estonian, Indonesian
Form of Luxembourg used in several languages. In Croatian and Estonian this is the name of the country only (the city is Luxembourg).
Madrid (Settlement & Political Subdivision) Spanish, Asturian, Catalan, Galician, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, Dutch, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian, Romanian, Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Uzbek, Turkmen, Mongolian, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Armenian, Hebrew, Arabic, Persian, Hindi, Indonesian, Malay, Tagalog
From Old Spanish Magerit, itself from Arabic مجريط (Majrīṭ), of uncertain meaning. It may be derived from Arabic مجرى (majrā) meaning "watercourse, channel" or from Latin matrix meaning "source, origin (of a river)". This is the name of the capital city of Spain as well as an autonomous community surrounding it.
Makedonija (Region, Country & Political Subdivision) Macedonian, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene, Lithuanian
Macedonian form of Macedonia, as well as the form in several other languages.
Mali (Country) Manding, Fula, Arabic, French, Portuguese, Italian, Catalan, English, German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, Estonian, Latvian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Romanian, Hungarian, Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian, Greek, Hebrew, Armenian, Georgian, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Uzbek, Persian, Urdu, Sinhalese, Hindi, Chinese, Mongolian, Burmese, Thai, Lao, Indonesian, Malay, Tagalog
A landlocked country in West Africa, named after an empire that lasted until the 17th century. The empire's name is possibly from a dialectal variant of the name of the Mande peoples. Alternatively, it could be from the name of the empire's capital (which has not been located) or from a Mande word meaning "hippopotamus".
Mehika (Country) Slovene
Slovene form of Mexico (referring only to the country, not the capital city).
México (Country & Settlement) Spanish, Portuguese, Finnish, Estonian, Slovene
Spanish (and Portuguese) form of Mexico. This native spelling is also used in several other languages to refer to the capital city, while the name of the country has other forms.
Mjanmar (Country) Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene, Macedonian
Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene and Macedonian form of Myanmar.
Mongolija (Country, Political Subdivision & Region) Latvian, Lithuanian, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Macedonian, Slovene
Latvian, Lithuanian, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Macedonian and Slovene form of Mongolia.
Nairobi (Settlement) English, Swahili, Kikuyu, French, Italian, Spanish, German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish, Hungarian, Romanian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Turkish, Japanese, Korean
From Maasai enkare nyrobi meaning "cold water", referencing a nearby river. This is the name of the capital city of Kenya. It was founded in 1899 by the British colonial authorities.
Namibija (Country) Lithuanian, Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Macedonian
Lithuanian, Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian and Macedonian form of Namibia.
Nemčija (Country) Slovene
Slovene cognate of Niemcy, used as the Slovene name of Germany.
Nigerija (Country) Lithuanian, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Macedonian, Slovene
Lithuanian, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Macedonian and Slovene form of Nigeria.
Nil (River) Arabic, French, German, Luxembourgish, Catalan, Czech, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Turkish, Azerbaijani
Form of Nile in various languages. In Arabic it is properly written with the definite article: النيل (al-Nīl).
Nizozemska (Country) Croatian, Slovene
Croatian and Slovene cognate of Nizozemsko, referring to the Netherlands.
Norveška (Country) Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian, Slovene
Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian and Slovene form of Norway.
Oman (Country) English, French, Italian, Catalan, German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish, Polish, Romanian, Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Greek, Russian, Ukrainian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkmen, Mongolian, Hindi, Bengali, Thai, Indonesian, Malay, Korean, Tagalog
From Arabic عمان (ʿUmān), probably from the name of an ancient town called Omana by the Roman author Pliny the Elder in the 1st century. It can probably be identified with the modern city of Suhar, and is from an Arabic root meaning "to settle, to remain, to dwell". This is the name of a country on the southeastern corner of the Arabian Peninsula.
Panama (Country & Settlement) English, French, Italian, German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Finnish, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Romanian, Slovene, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Ukrainian, Russian, Belarusian, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Armenian, Georgian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Uzbek, Persian, Urdu, Hindi, Bengali, Burmese, Thai, Lao, Khmer, Indonesian, Malay, Tagalog, Japanese, Korean
From Spanish Panamá, of uncertain meaning. It may be derived from the name of a tree commonly found in the area (species Sterculia apetala). Alternatively it could be related to Guaraní panambi meaning "butterfly" or Kuna bannaba meaning "distant, far away". This is the name of a country in Central America. It is also the name of its capital, usually called Panama City in English.
Paragvaj (Country & River) Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Macedonian
Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian and Macedonian of Paraguay.
Pariz (Settlement) Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Macedonian, Hebrew, Armenian
Form of Paris in several languages.
Peking (Settlement) German, Dutch, Luxembourgish, Swedish, Finnish, Estonian, Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, English (Archaic)
Form of Beijing in various languages, as well as an older English form.
Peru (Country) English, Portuguese, German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Finnish, Russian, Ukrainian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Hungarian, Croatian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Georgian, Hindi
From Spanish Perú, older Birú, which was possibly derived from the name of a chieftain (who nevertheless resided in modern-day Panama).
Poljska (Country) Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene
Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Slovene form of Poland.
Praga (Settlement) Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Polish, Slovene, Russian, Bulgarian, Greek
Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Polish, Slovene, Russian, Bulgarian and Greek form of Praha (see Prague).
Ruanda (Country) German, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Catalan, Finnish, Latvian, Lithuanian, Hungarian, Slovene, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Ukrainian, Georgian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Turkish, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tajik, English, French
Form of Rwanda in several languages, as well as a variant spelling in other languages.
Rusija (Country) Serbian, Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian, Lithuanian
Serbian, Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian and Lithuanian form of Russia.
Senegal (River & Country) Portuguese, English, Spanish, Italian, German, Swedish, Dutch, Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic, Finnish, Estonian, Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Romanian, Turkish, Armenian, Persian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Uzbek, Turkmen, Mongolian, Hindi, Bengali, Korean, Indonesian, Malay, Tagalog
From Portuguese, possibly from the name of the Berber Zenaga people of northern Senegal. This is the name of a river in West Africa, and a country named after it. It gained independence from France in 1960.
Sirija (Country) Lithuanian, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Slovene, Macedonian
Lithuanian, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Slovene and Macedonian form of Syria.
Slovaška (Country) Slovene
Slovene form of Slovakia.
Slovenija (Country) Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Macedonian
From Old Slavic slověne referring to the tribe of the Slavs. This is the Slovene name for Slovenia.
Somalija (Country) Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian, Slovene
Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian and Slovene form of Somalia.
Španija (Country) Serbian, Bosnian, Slovene, Macedonian
Serbian, Bosnian, Slovene and Macedonian form of Hispania (see Spain).
Srbija (Country) Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene, Macedonian
Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene and Macedonian form of Serbia.
Sudan (Country) English, Arabic, German, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Finnish, Italian, Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Slovene, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Romanian, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Indonesian, Malay, Chinese, Thai
From Arabic سود (sūd) meaning "black", referring to the darker skin of the inhabitants. This is the name of a country in Africa. In Arabic it is properly written with the definite article: السودان (al-Sūdān).
Švedska (Country) Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Macedonian, Slovene
Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Macedonian and Slovene form of Sweden.
Tadžikistan (Country) Slovak, Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Finnish, Estonian
Form of Tajikistan in several languages.
Tanzanija (Country) Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Slovene, Macedonian, Lithuanian
Form of Tanzania in several languages.
Uganda (Country) English, Ganda, Swahili, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Finnish, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Hungarian, Romanian, Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Turkish, Georgian, Armenian, Hebrew, Persian, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Malay
From Buganda, the name of a kingdom within Uganda, which means "land of the Ganda" in the Luganda language. The Ganda are an ethnic group, their name possibly deriving from a Bantu word meaning "family". Uganda is a landlocked country in East Africa.
Ukrajina (Country) Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian
Form of Ukraine in several languages.
Urugvaj (Country & River) Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Macedonian
Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian and Macedonian of Uruguay.
Varšava (Settlement) Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene
Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Serbian and Slovene form of Warszawa (see Warsaw).
Venezuela (Country) Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, French, English, German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Finnish, Estonian, Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Romanian, Slovene, Croatian, Albanian, Turkish, Indonesian, Malay
Possibly from Italian Veneziola meaning "little Venice". This is the name of a country on the northern coast of South America. The region was supposedly named this in 1499 by a Spanish expedition (which included Amerigo Vespucci) because an indigenous town on Lake Maracaibo was built on stilts over the water, reminiscent of the Italian city. Another theory suggests that the country's name comes from Veneciuela, the name of a local people.
Vietnam (Country) English, French, German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Finnish, Estonian, Italian, Spanish, Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Greek, Indonesian, Malay
From Việt Nam, meaning "southern Yue", derived from Sino-Vietnamese (việt), referring to the Yue people, and (nam) meaning "south". This is the name of a country in southeastern Asia.
Zambija (Country) Latvian, Lithuanian, Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Macedonian
Form of Zambia in several languages.